Lesson Plan Background: Pollution and Global Climate Change Essay exam

Exercise Plan Background: Pollution and Global Climate Change Presentation: This exercise about contamination centers around ozone harming substances. Understudies will find out about ozone depleting substances and how they influence environments. The understudies will comprehend the nursery influence and how their activities relate expanding groupings of ozone harming substances. In the exercise, understudies will characterize the properties of a biological system, figure out how to recognize the environments they live in and how they collaborate inside an environment. The understudies will have the option to apply what they realized on a neighborhood and worldwide level. The understudies will be surveyed for comprehension all through the exercise just as at the finish of the exercise through exercises and conversation. Since the ideas introduced are muddled for fourth †fifth grade understudies, the exercise requires the educator to constantly check for comprehension. More detail on the appraisals is given in the â€Å"Assessment† area. This exercise additionally creates aptitudes that should enable the understudies to satisfy Colorado State guidelines. These aptitudes arrive at the sciences just as language expressions and reach out across numerous particular norms, for example, thinking and articulating thoughts. The understudies are urged to communicate thoughts and cooperate with one another through conversation and little gathering exercises while thinking through testing ideas. This permits the instructor to connect with the understudies and furthermore permits the understudies to turn out to be increasingly open to communicating thoughts. The understudies are likewise expected to propose activities to decrease contamination toward the finish of the exercise which permits them to think autonomously and to feel that they can be pioneers and impact change. The primary structure square of the exercise is to... ...n make a vow to follow up on the recommendations. The understudies ought to acknowledge through this that they can be pioneers in affecting change and that they can have any kind of effect. Works Cited Cohen, Jordan, and Nick Hopwood. Ozone harming substances and Society. University of Michigan. 26 Sept. 2006 . â€Å"CSI: Climate Status Investigations.† The Keystone Center. 26 Sept. 2006. http://www.keystonecurriculum.org/middleschool/too_cool_for_school.html#top â€Å"Global Warming.† Encarta Encyclopedia. MSN Encarta. 27 Sept. 2006. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567022/Global_Warming.html â€Å"Climatic Variation in Earth History.† Class present. â€Å"Ecosystem.† Encarta Dictionary. MSN Encarta. 26 Sept. 2006. http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/Ecosystem.html

Dividend Policy and Capital Structure Decision Free-Samples

Questions: 1.Does Paying a Dividend Make Shareholders Any Better. 2.Comment on the connection between the influence proportion and Profitability in the course of recent years. 3.Comment on the organizations business hazard, money related hazard and default chance. As you would see it, should the firm increment its influence? Answers: Presentation This is a report that clarifies inclines in profit strategy for Telstra under various conditions or conditions. The motivation behind the report is to offer responses to questions, for example, does delivering a profit make an investor any better or more terrible?, what sort of profit strategy has the Forts sign received for as long as 10 years?, how does the occurrence demonstrate a conceivable profit customer base impact? What's more, how the organizations share value reacted to the declarations in the course of recent months. This report responds to each one of those inquiries should have been tended to by Telstra. The capital structure for Fortes signal has likewise been talked about where the report examinations the connection between influence proportion and benefit in the course of recent years. It later ganders at the different business chances that a firm can confront while undertaking its center exercises. (Manos, 2011) 1.Dividend Policy for Telstra What are these profits? Profits can be characterized as an extent of money (consistently benefit earned) given to investors of a specific organization. Investors will consistently be spurred and supported when an organization offers better profits to them. Disappointment of firms to give profits may prompt losing of speculators continuously representing a test of unsteadiness. It becomes trouble for organizations to develop in the event that they neglect to share some portion of their benefits to investors. The profit strategy of Australia attempts to secure the interests of individuals by guaranteeing that the assessment framework doesn't abuse the individuals who deliver profits. Delivering profit improves investors off with regards to the Australian expense framework. This is a direct result of the disposal of measure of assessment to be paid by a person from their income either month to month or yearly. Profits acts a devices to low annual assessment rates. People who deliver pro fits are not exposed to more prominent duty rates on their all out income. This clarifies obviously why the Australian assessment framework favors installment of profits by investors. The Australian government has executed profit attribution framework which gives offers on charge payable to individuals. Such exercises are planned for dispensing with substantial inconvenience of duty by business elements to its investors. Residents of Australia ought to be urged to deliver profits because of its positive effects appended to it. There will be a decent equalization in the way of which tax collection is completed by organizations to individuals. Investors appreciate low paces of tax collection on their pay which improves them. The individuals who bolster significance of profits plainly express that, customary profits decrease vulnerability of the investors by a given rate (Manos, 2013). What are these profits? Profits can be characterized as an extent of money (consistently benefit earned) given to investors of a specific organization. Investors will consistently be spurred and empowered when an organization offers better profits to them. Disappointment of firms to give profits may prompt losing of speculators slowly representing a test of unsteadiness. It becomes trouble for organizations to develop on the off chance that they neglect to share some portion of their benefits to investors. The profit arrangement of Australia attempts to secure the interests of individuals by guaranteeing that the expense framework doesn't abuse the individuals who deliver profits. Delivering profit improves investors off with regards to the Australian assessment framework. This is a direct result of the end of measure of duty to be paid by a person from their profit either month to month or yearly. Profits acts a devices to low annual assessment rates. People who deliver profits are not exposed to more prominent assessment rates on their complete income. This clarifies unmistakably why the Australian assessment framework favors installment of profits by investors. The Australian government has actualized profit ascription framework which gives offers on charge payable to individuals. Such exercises are planned for wiping out overwhelming inconvenience of assessment by business substances to its investors. Residents of Australia ought to be urged to deliver profits because of its positive effects joined to it. There will be a decent equalization in the way of which tax collection is completed by organizations to individuals. Investors appreciate low paces of tax assessment on their pay which improves them. The individuals who bolster importance of profits obviously express that, standard profits decrease vulnerability of the investors by a given rate (Akhtar, 2007). The customer base impact alludes to a hypothesis which attempts to clarify how an organization's stock cost will move as indicated by the requests and goals of financial specialists in response to changes in different elements. These components are duty, profit or another arrangement variety. In the Telstra firm, that episode demonstrates there is a feasible profit customer base impact. The arrangement of an organization will in general impact invested individuals who wish to put resources into the organization. Some may contrast with the benefit rates and be hesitant to contribute while some may acknowledge the organization arrangement and contribute completely. For the most part, we can presume that approach of an organization decides a great deal on the quantity of customer bases. It is henceforth consistent with state that, there is a probable profit customer base impact since in Telstra firm the investor, the Telco-monster appear to concede burdens on profits not paid out. On oc casion demographics want to put resources into momentary premise than long haul. This is a normally utilized by those financial specialists who are as yet searching for money so as to be steady. Rich customer bases have an inclination of long haul to short run because of their steady nature with regards to capital. The speculators who favor placing their money into fleeing with long haul ventures yet re-contribute back when monetarily steady. When the profit approach has been executed by an organization, further changes are not done on it. (Al-Najjar, 2008) sponded by tumbling to a five-year low as speculators respond to the declaration that the Telco-monster will diminish its profits this money related year, of which it is significant of profit payout arrangement since it might be the rules that the firm employments. As talked about before, profit strategy is just a structure or methodology that is helps business firms in giving out of benefits got after speculation to the imminent individuals. (Palepu, 2007) 2.Capital Structure for Fortescue The offer cost has added to the capital structure choices inconceivably. Offer cost prompts an expansion in the degree of rates actualized on people groups income. Such events lead to obligations which may even be hard to take care of by people. It even demoralizes representatives from putting resources into specific exercises because of high offer cost. This is in steady with experimental proof in the field whereby Fortes signal Metal Group, an Australian iron metal digger situated in the Pilbara area of W.A would in general draw in a financial specialist. (Yensu, 2014) In the first place, lets comprehend what an influence proportion is, influence proportion alludes to any of a few monetary estimations that take a gander at how much capital comes .besides, the individual in question recognizes the estimations in various perspectives. This proportion helps a firm to have the option to know whether it will meet its costs or not. It is along these lines significant for any organization to utilize influence proportion so as to improve forecast of its future unexpected profits for investments..In this case, the higher the influence proportion the higher the benefit earned. This is obvious when Fortes signal Metal Group is capable through the influence proportion to mine and 97% of sent out iron metal is offered to the Chinese market. The capital structure is antagonistically influenced by high influence proportion. A portion of this impact can even prompt nearer of organizations because of failure to meet its activities like reimbursement of credits obta ined. For this situation, the Fortes sign Metal Group adjusts the expenses and benefits and that is the reason can mine a fare mineral and simultaneously win benefit as well. (Tang, 2012) 3.Comment on the organizations business chance, money related hazard and default chance It is critical to initially comprehend the importance of a hazard. In business, a hazard can be supposed to be a circumstance that prompts firms making misfortunes as opposed to picking up benefits. At the point when a representative gets a littler yield than input then that can be supposed to be a hazard. All business visionaries face chance difficulties and the main method of dealing with them is being daring people. (Dhillon, 2013) Business hazard Business dangers come in when an organization experience misfortunes. Thusly, it can likewise emerge in circumstances when the firm doesn't hit the objective benefit proposed to be accomplished. It is impacted by numerous components. Among the key ones are rivalry between substances, guidelines forced by the administration, input costs, and the general monetary atmosphere among numerous different elements. There are different sorts of business hazards that can be looked by firms. Government guidelines emerging from foundations of law fall under business dangers. The Forts signal Metal Group firm is confronting fruition from BHP Billion Limited among different firms and in this way Forts prompt Metal Group may involvement with terms showcase accessibility particularly when the contender has enough capital or considerably offer persistent flexibly when contrasted with Forts sign Metal Group. The Forts sign Metal Group may likewise endure a hazard through the administration guidelines. A genuine model is the point at which it forces high expense on the firm. It makes the organizations benefit be undermined or when it directs the measure of metal to be sent out, its benefit may likewise be diminished and be lower than the normal one. (Fan, 2013) Budgetary hazard This is a hazard that generally influences investors of a given organization. It comes out plainly in circumstances where the organization is working on misfortune premise. This will accordingly suggest that it won't b

How Can Help in Writing Research Paper Service Helps You?

How Can Help in Writing Research Paper Service Helps You?You can learn a lot from help in writing research paper service. When you are doing your work, make sure you have the right guidelines and tactics that you will use. To make your work smoother, it is better to be prepared before doing your project. This would let you make things easy on yourself and your research paper.It is a good thing to be prepared and in case you need any revision on your paper, then you should have the right information at hand. There are many online resources that would help you get the right direction. You can find many sites that can give you suggestions for research papers. A lot of these sites are either related to academia or written by professors who are experts in their field.They offer different guidelines that can help you work on your project. Many of these sites offer free assistance. You can get the free help from these sites and it can help you save time. It will allow you to get the right d irection and it can help you find out the right outline.If you are facing difficulty when it comes to working on your paper, then you should know how to have some sort of support. There are so many websites that offer help in writing research paper service. There are so many opportunities for such people. Make sure you find one that is in line with what you need.Even if you are the most experienced writer, you would not be able to work on a paper by yourself. So if you are looking for a site that offers help in writing research paper service, then you should do some research first. Researching the type of service that you want to have on your project will help you know about the type of person that can offer you this service. The best person for this is the research paper service provider that can offer you top-notch services.A good writer would help you know if they are capable of offering such a service. The writer should be able to express himself well in writing. He should be ab le to come up with an outline of your paper. Such providers will also help you to research your topics so that you can come up with topics that are useful.Also, if you need help in writing a paper and you have already written a research paper on a specific topic, then you can hire the service. A professional writer will be able to provide you with all the assistance you need. It would allow you to become more familiar with your topic and it will make your work much easier to do.To make your research paper written properly, you can also take the help of the research paper service provider. He will be able to provide you with assistance so that you can achieve your goal. With the help of this service, you can make your research paper stronger. You will be able to write an outline that is written properly and it would make your paper an original research paper.

Nihonium Facts - Element 113 or Nh

Nihonium is a radioactive synthetic element with the symbol Nh and atomic number 113. Because of its position on the periodic table, the element is expected to be a solid metal at room temperature. The discovery of element 113 was made official in 2016. To date, few atoms of the element have been produced, so little is known about its properties. Nihonium Basic Facts Symbol: Nh Atomic Number: 113 Element Classification: Metal Phase: probably solid Discovered By: Yuri Oganessian et al., Joint Institute of Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia (2004). Confirmation in 2012 by Japan. Nihonium Physical Data Atomic Weight: [286] Source: Scientists used a cyclotron to fire a rare calcium isotope at an americium target. Element 115 (moscovium) was created when the calcium and americium nuclei fused. The moscovium persisted for less than one-tenth of a second before decaying into element 113 (nihonium), which persisted for over a second. Name Origin: Scientists at Japans RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science proposed the element name. The name comes from the Japanese name for Japan (nihon) together with the -ium element suffix that is used for metals. Electronic Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1 Element Group: group 13, boron group, p-block element Element Period: period 7 Melting Point:  700  K  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹(430  Ã‚ °C, ​810  Ã‚ °F)  (predicted) Boiling Point:  1430  K ​(1130  Ã‚ °C, ​2070  Ã‚ °F)  (predicted) Density:  16  g/cm3  (predicted near room temperature) Heat of Fusion: 7.61 kJ/mol (predicted) Heat of Vaporization: 139 kJ/mol (predicted) Oxidation States:  Ã¢Ë†â€™1,  1,  3, 5  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹(predicted) Atomic Radius: 170 picometers Isotopes: There are no known natural isotopes of nihonium. Radioactive isotopes have been produced by fusing atomic nuclei or else from the decay of heavier elements. Isotopes have atomic masses 278 and 282-286. All known isotopes decay via alpha decay. Toxicity: There is no known or expected biological role for element 113 in organisms. Its radioactivity makes it toxic.

Preventing Migrant Death - 1007 Words

Preventing Migrant Death Raquel V. Lopez Eng 147 January 25, 2015 Dr. Barbara Rowland Preventing migrant death The death and suffering of migrants crossing the U.S-Mexico border are not a mistake and must no longer be ignored. As the security along the border has increased, the journey for migrants has become harder than ever, and few are prepared for the danger that awaits them. Our country’s southern border has become the most dangerous place in the world, in the harshest environment on the planet-the Sonoran Desert. Despite measures to secure the border, migrant death continues to rise. To some, migrants are just a statistic, but they are real people searching for a better life for themselves and their†¦show more content†¦Greater efforts are needed to combat smuggling and violence, agrees Walser, McNeil, and Zuckerman (2011). Migration authorities need to take appropriate action to ensure migration control and safety of migrants. Put an end to impunity and hold each person accountable for those who harm or commit violent crimes against migrants. Mexican and United St ates governments have made public statements about the violence and death, yet nothing has been done to address the situation, and the senseless killings and inhumane abuses of migrants continues at the hands of the â€Å"real â€Å"criminals. Conclusion There must be practical, fair, and compassionate alternatives that our government has not tried. Our country’s lawmakers are responsible for creating the problems along our southern border, and it’s their responsibility to repair it. Humanitarian support, creating sound policies and cracking down on real criminals is a start, but it’s just the tip of the iceberg. As our government continues to debate issues, it is certain that migrants will continue to die attempting to enter the U.S. Most of what we see on television is the aftermath of what actually goes on. The death of migrants rarely makes the evening news. If you have never made any personal connection or put yourself in their shoes for a moment, the issues are easy to ignore. Our country should put more focus on efforts to prevent migrant death. Hopefully, one day our government will act in accordance with theShow MoreRelatedThe Argument Against The Mass Amnesty Of The Millions Of Illegal Immigrants1 527 Words   |  7 Pagesat the disposal of anybody who can use a database. 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Ferguson Foundry Limited Free Essays

————————————————- Case: Ferguson Foundry Limited (FFL) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Date: March 10 2013 To: Mark Ferguson, President From: Carl Holitzner Re: FFL’s Lower-Than-Budgeted Profit for the Fiscal Year Ended May 31 2010 The major issue is determining why Ferguson Foundry Limited’s (FFL) actual profit was $367,600 lower than budgeted, despite selling 2,000 more wood stoves (12,000 instead of 10,000 units). This will be explained using Variance Analysis to demonstrate the underlying reasons why the company failed to meet its president’s expectations. FFL profit for 2010 was below budget due to many factors both production and marketing related. We will write a custom essay sample on Ferguson Foundry Limited or any similar topic only for you Order Now From a production perspective, there were 3 major areas of concern all of which were unfavorable with respect to Variance Analysis (As shown in Exhibit 3): 1. Direct Labor 2. Variable Overhead 3. Fixed Cost The $139,200 unfavorable Direct Labor Variance can be attributed to many reasons however it is most likely linked to the management team. Due to the early retirement of the sales manager, the production manager being hospitalized and the accountant quitting, it can be understood that inefficiencies were bound to arise. Without proper management, labor reduced overall productivity of the company, as these workers took 121,200 hours to produce 12,00 stoves rather than the standard 120,000 hours that it should have taken. This reduced Net Income by $18,000 (Labor Yield Variance calculation). Secondly, the problem arising from Direct Labor also transcends to the Variable Overhead, as it is used as its cost driver. As a result, the $69,600 unfavorable Variable Overhead Variance can also be attributed to the more hours undertaken to produce the 12,000 stoves. With the lack of an inefficient management team, overhead could have accumulated through inefficient use and/or the budget could have not even accurately portrayed current rates for overhead items. The third problem with regards to the production perspective concerns the increase in fixed costs. In particular, the fixed manufacturing cost increased by $30,000 over budgeted costs, which in turn resulted in a reduction of net income by the same amount. This could have resulted due to several reasons such as additional machinery being required to handle the increased sales volume. However at this point it is unclear given the information provided and so further investigation must be conducted in an effort to better budget for future fixed costs. From a marketing perspective, there were also 3 major areas of concern all of which were unfavorable with respect to Variance Analysis: 1. Price 2. Fixed Cost 3. Sales Mix In analyzing the price changes, although it was beneficial to increase the sell price of the Basic Wood Stove ($300 to $325), this income benefit was significantly outweighed by the reduction in sell price of the Deluxe Wood Stove ($800 to $700). In the end, the price changes of both products resulted in a $300,000 reduction in profit (Sales Price Variance). Another reason for FFL’s lower than budgeted profit, although obvious and minor, had to do with the increase in selling and administration cost. As can be seen in Exhibit 3 by the Fixed Selling Administration Budget Variance, an increase in the fixed costs reduced net profit by $7,000. The third problem area, concerning the marketing perspective, involved the difference in sales mix from actual to budget. FFL actually sold more Basic Wood Stoves and fewer Deluxe Wood Stoves than budgeted. Unfortunately, the Deluxe Wood Stove possessed a higher standard contribution margin per unit than the Basic ($210 to $80). Therefore the difference in the mix of sales caused FFL’s net profit to be reduced by $234,000 (Sales Mix Variance). Ultimately, more market research must be conducted to better understand consumer wants and needs and thus be able to efficiently budget company products accordingly to reach profitability goals. APPENDIX EXHIBIT 1| | BASIC (Actual)| BASIC (Std. | DELUXE (Actual)| DELUXE (Std. )| Selling Price| $325| $300| $700| $800| Variable Costs:| Direct Materials| $67. 50| $70. 00| $171. 00| $190. 00| Direct Labor| $104. 00| $90. 00| $248. 00| $240. 00| Overhead| $52. 00| $45. 00| $124. 00| $120. 00| Sell Admin| $15. 00| $15. 00| $40. 00| $40. 00| Total Variable Costs| $238. 50| $220. 00| $583. 00| $590. 00| Contribution Margin| $86. 50| $80. 00| $117. 00| $210. 00| CO NTRIBUTION MARGINS TABLE| Illustration of some calculations involved: *Using the Actual Results Table Provided in Exhibit A Actual Unit Selling (Basic) = Sales Revenue ? Sales Volume (units) = $2,340,000 / 7,200 units = $325 Unit Direct Materials (Basic) = Direct Materials Cost ? Sales Volume (units) = $486,000 / 7,200 units = $67. 50 *Using the Unit Cost Standards Table Provided in Exhibit B Std. Unit Direct Labor (Basic) = DL Std. Qty. Per Unit x DL Std. Rate Per Hr. = 6 hrs. x $15. 00 per hr. = $90 APPENDIX EXHIBIT 2| For the Year Ended May 31 2010| | ACTUAL| FLEX-BUDGET VARIANCE| FLEX BUDGET| SALES-VOLUME VARIANCE| STATIC BUDGET| TOTAL VARIANCE| Quantity (units)| 12,000| | 12,000| | 10,000| | Sales Revenue| $5,700,000| ($300,000)| $6,000,000| $250,000| $5,750,000| ($50,000)| Variable Costs| $4,515,600| ($99,600)| $4,416,000| ($181,000)| $4,235,000| ($280,600)| CM| $1,184,400| ($399,600)| $1,584,000| $69,000| $1,515,000| ($330,600)| Fixed Costs| $919,500| ($37,000)| $882,500| | $882,500| ($37,000)| Net Income| $264,900| ($436,600)| $701,500| $69,000| $632,500| ($367,600)| FLEXIBLE BUDGET REPORT| GIVEN CALCULATED FILL IN THE BLANK VARIANCES: ($) = UNFAVORABLE $ = FAVORABLE Illustration of some calculations involved for Flex Budget: Flex Sales Revenue = Std. Sell Price Per Unit x Actual Sales volume (units) Basic Wood Stove = $300 x 7,200 units = $2,160,000 Deluxe Wood Stove = $800 x 4,800 units = $3,840,000 Total Flex Sales Revenue = $6,000,000 Flex Variable Costs = Std. Variable Price Per Unit x Actual Sales Volume (units) Basic Wood Stove = $220 x 7,200 = $1,548,000 Deluxe Wood Stove = $590 x 4,800 = $2,832,000 Total Flex Variable Costs = $4,416,000 Flex Fixed Costs = Static Fixed Costs APPENDIX EXHIBIT 3| | FLEX BUDGET VARIANCE| SALES VOLUME VARIANCE| SALES VARIANCES| | | | Sales Price| | $300,000 U| -| Sales Mix| | -| $234,000 U| Sales Quantity| | -| $303,000 F| Sales Volume | | -| $69,000 F| TOTAL SALES VARIANCE| | $300,000 U| $69,000 F| | | | | VARIABLE COST VARIANCES| | | | Direct Materials| | $109,000 F| -| Direct Labor| | $139,200 U| -| Overhead| | $69,600 U| -| Selling Admin| | $0| -| TOTAL VARIABLE COST VARIANCE| | $399,600 U| -| | | | | TOTAL CM VARIANCE| | $399,600 U| -| | | | | FIXED COST VARIANCES| | | | Mfg. Budget| | $30,000 U| -| Sell Admin Budget| | $7,000 U| -| TOTAL FIXED COST VARIANCE| | $37,000 U| -| | | | | TOTAL VARIANCE| | $436,600 U| $69,000 F| | | | | VARIANCES TABLE| U = Unfavorable F = Favorable APPENDIX Illustration of some calculations involved in creating Exhibit 3: SALES VARIANCE Section Sales Price Variance = Actual Units sold x (Actual Sell Price – Budgeted) Basic Wood Stove = 7,200 x ($325-$300) = $180,000 F Deluxe Wood Stove = 4,800 x ($700-$800) = $480,000 U Total Sales Price Variance = $300,000 U Sales Mix Variance = (Actual Sales Mix % – Budgeted) x Actual total units sold x Budgeted CM per unit Basic Wood Stove = [(7,200/12,000)-(4,500/10,000)] x 12,000 x $80 = $144,000 F Deluxe Wood Stove = [(4,800/12,000)-(5,500/10,000)] x 12,000 x $210 = $378,000 U Total Sales Mix Variance = $234,000 U Sales Quantity Variance = (Actual total units sold – Budgeted) x Budgeted Sales Mix % x Budgeted CM per unit Basic Wood Stove = (12,000-10,000) x (4,500/10,000) x $80 = $72,000 F Deluxe Wood Stove = (12,000=10,000) x (5,500/10,000) x $210 = $231,000 F Total Sales Quantity Variance = $303,000 F Sales Volume Variance = (Actual Sales Volume – Budgeted) x Budgeted Cm per unit Basic Wood Stove = (7,200-4,500) x $80 = $216,000 F Deluxe Wood Stove = (4,800-5,500) x $210 = $147,000 U Total Sales Volume Variance = $69,000 F How to cite Ferguson Foundry Limited, Essay examples Ferguson Foundry Limited Free Essays ————————————————- Case: Ferguson Foundry Limited (FFL) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Date: March 10 2013 To: Mark Ferguson, President From: Carl Holitzner Re: FFL’s Lower-Than-Budgeted Profit for the Fiscal Year Ended May 31 2010 The major issue is determining why Ferguson Foundry Limited’s (FFL) actual profit was $367,600 lower than budgeted, despite selling 2,000 more wood stoves (12,000 instead of 10,000 units). This will be explained using Variance Analysis to demonstrate the underlying reasons why the company failed to meet its president’s expectations. FFL profit for 2010 was below budget due to many factors both production and marketing related. We will write a custom essay sample on Ferguson Foundry Limited or any similar topic only for you Order Now From a production perspective, there were 3 major areas of concern all of which were unfavorable with respect to Variance Analysis (As shown in Exhibit 3): 1. Direct Labor 2. Variable Overhead 3. Fixed Cost The $139,200 unfavorable Direct Labor Variance can be attributed to many reasons however it is most likely linked to the management team. Due to the early retirement of the sales manager, the production manager being hospitalized and the accountant quitting, it can be understood that inefficiencies were bound to arise. Without proper management, labor reduced overall productivity of the company, as these workers took 121,200 hours to produce 12,00 stoves rather than the standard 120,000 hours that it should have taken. This reduced Net Income by $18,000 (Labor Yield Variance calculation). Secondly, the problem arising from Direct Labor also transcends to the Variable Overhead, as it is used as its cost driver. As a result, the $69,600 unfavorable Variable Overhead Variance can also be attributed to the more hours undertaken to produce the 12,000 stoves. With the lack of an inefficient management team, overhead could have accumulated through inefficient use and/or the budget could have not even accurately portrayed current rates for overhead items. The third problem with regards to the production perspective concerns the increase in fixed costs. In particular, the fixed manufacturing cost increased by $30,000 over budgeted costs, which in turn resulted in a reduction of net income by the same amount. This could have resulted due to several reasons such as additional machinery being required to handle the increased sales volume. However at this point it is unclear given the information provided and so further investigation must be conducted in an effort to better budget for future fixed costs. From a marketing perspective, there were also 3 major areas of concern all of which were unfavorable with respect to Variance Analysis: 1. Price 2. Fixed Cost 3. Sales Mix In analyzing the price changes, although it was beneficial to increase the sell price of the Basic Wood Stove ($300 to $325), this income benefit was significantly outweighed by the reduction in sell price of the Deluxe Wood Stove ($800 to $700). In the end, the price changes of both products resulted in a $300,000 reduction in profit (Sales Price Variance). Another reason for FFL’s lower than budgeted profit, although obvious and minor, had to do with the increase in selling and administration cost. As can be seen in Exhibit 3 by the Fixed Selling Administration Budget Variance, an increase in the fixed costs reduced net profit by $7,000. The third problem area, concerning the marketing perspective, involved the difference in sales mix from actual to budget. FFL actually sold more Basic Wood Stoves and fewer Deluxe Wood Stoves than budgeted. Unfortunately, the Deluxe Wood Stove possessed a higher standard contribution margin per unit than the Basic ($210 to $80). Therefore the difference in the mix of sales caused FFL’s net profit to be reduced by $234,000 (Sales Mix Variance). Ultimately, more market research must be conducted to better understand consumer wants and needs and thus be able to efficiently budget company products accordingly to reach profitability goals. APPENDIX EXHIBIT 1| | BASIC (Actual)| BASIC (Std. | DELUXE (Actual)| DELUXE (Std. )| Selling Price| $325| $300| $700| $800| Variable Costs:| Direct Materials| $67. 50| $70. 00| $171. 00| $190. 00| Direct Labor| $104. 00| $90. 00| $248. 00| $240. 00| Overhead| $52. 00| $45. 00| $124. 00| $120. 00| Sell Admin| $15. 00| $15. 00| $40. 00| $40. 00| Total Variable Costs| $238. 50| $220. 00| $583. 00| $590. 00| Contribution Margin| $86. 50| $80. 00| $117. 00| $210. 00| CO NTRIBUTION MARGINS TABLE| Illustration of some calculations involved: *Using the Actual Results Table Provided in Exhibit A Actual Unit Selling (Basic) = Sales Revenue ? Sales Volume (units) = $2,340,000 / 7,200 units = $325 Unit Direct Materials (Basic) = Direct Materials Cost ? Sales Volume (units) = $486,000 / 7,200 units = $67. 50 *Using the Unit Cost Standards Table Provided in Exhibit B Std. Unit Direct Labor (Basic) = DL Std. Qty. Per Unit x DL Std. Rate Per Hr. = 6 hrs. x $15. 00 per hr. = $90 APPENDIX EXHIBIT 2| For the Year Ended May 31 2010| | ACTUAL| FLEX-BUDGET VARIANCE| FLEX BUDGET| SALES-VOLUME VARIANCE| STATIC BUDGET| TOTAL VARIANCE| Quantity (units)| 12,000| | 12,000| | 10,000| | Sales Revenue| $5,700,000| ($300,000)| $6,000,000| $250,000| $5,750,000| ($50,000)| Variable Costs| $4,515,600| ($99,600)| $4,416,000| ($181,000)| $4,235,000| ($280,600)| CM| $1,184,400| ($399,600)| $1,584,000| $69,000| $1,515,000| ($330,600)| Fixed Costs| $919,500| ($37,000)| $882,500| | $882,500| ($37,000)| Net Income| $264,900| ($436,600)| $701,500| $69,000| $632,500| ($367,600)| FLEXIBLE BUDGET REPORT| GIVEN CALCULATED FILL IN THE BLANK VARIANCES: ($) = UNFAVORABLE $ = FAVORABLE Illustration of some calculations involved for Flex Budget: Flex Sales Revenue = Std. Sell Price Per Unit x Actual Sales volume (units) Basic Wood Stove = $300 x 7,200 units = $2,160,000 Deluxe Wood Stove = $800 x 4,800 units = $3,840,000 Total Flex Sales Revenue = $6,000,000 Flex Variable Costs = Std. Variable Price Per Unit x Actual Sales Volume (units) Basic Wood Stove = $220 x 7,200 = $1,548,000 Deluxe Wood Stove = $590 x 4,800 = $2,832,000 Total Flex Variable Costs = $4,416,000 Flex Fixed Costs = Static Fixed Costs APPENDIX EXHIBIT 3| | FLEX BUDGET VARIANCE| SALES VOLUME VARIANCE| SALES VARIANCES| | | | Sales Price| | $300,000 U| -| Sales Mix| | -| $234,000 U| Sales Quantity| | -| $303,000 F| Sales Volume | | -| $69,000 F| TOTAL SALES VARIANCE| | $300,000 U| $69,000 F| | | | | VARIABLE COST VARIANCES| | | | Direct Materials| | $109,000 F| -| Direct Labor| | $139,200 U| -| Overhead| | $69,600 U| -| Selling Admin| | $0| -| TOTAL VARIABLE COST VARIANCE| | $399,600 U| -| | | | | TOTAL CM VARIANCE| | $399,600 U| -| | | | | FIXED COST VARIANCES| | | | Mfg. Budget| | $30,000 U| -| Sell Admin Budget| | $7,000 U| -| TOTAL FIXED COST VARIANCE| | $37,000 U| -| | | | | TOTAL VARIANCE| | $436,600 U| $69,000 F| | | | | VARIANCES TABLE| U = Unfavorable F = Favorable APPENDIX Illustration of some calculations involved in creating Exhibit 3: SALES VARIANCE Section Sales Price Variance = Actual Units sold x (Actual Sell Price – Budgeted) Basic Wood Stove = 7,200 x ($325-$300) = $180,000 F Deluxe Wood Stove = 4,800 x ($700-$800) = $480,000 U Total Sales Price Variance = $300,000 U Sales Mix Variance = (Actual Sales Mix % – Budgeted) x Actual total units sold x Budgeted CM per unit Basic Wood Stove = [(7,200/12,000)-(4,500/10,000)] x 12,000 x $80 = $144,000 F Deluxe Wood Stove = [(4,800/12,000)-(5,500/10,000)] x 12,000 x $210 = $378,000 U Total Sales Mix Variance = $234,000 U Sales Quantity Variance = (Actual total units sold – Budgeted) x Budgeted Sales Mix % x Budgeted CM per unit Basic Wood Stove = (12,000-10,000) x (4,500/10,000) x $80 = $72,000 F Deluxe Wood Stove = (12,000=10,000) x (5,500/10,000) x $210 = $231,000 F Total Sales Quantity Variance = $303,000 F Sales Volume Variance = (Actual Sales Volume – Budgeted) x Budgeted Cm per unit Basic Wood Stove = (7,200-4,500) x $80 = $216,000 F Deluxe Wood Stove = (4,800-5,500) x $210 = $147,000 U Total Sales Volume Variance = $69,000 F How to cite Ferguson Foundry Limited, Papers

The Art Of Delegation Essay Example For Students

The Art Of Delegation Essay There is a limit to the amount of work that you can do on your own. There is only so much value that you can deliver to your company or organization without the help of other people. If you are successful in your career, at some stage the demands on you will become greater than you are able to cope with on your own. When this happens, you are forced to rely on the help of others, you are forced to delegate. Delegation is a process by which a manager examines the various responsibilities and tasks at hand, and rather than assuming and completing those tasks and responsibilities on his or her own, that manager decides to assign the work to other employees. Effective managers must be willing to entrust a task, power or responsibility to another person. Theodore Roosevelt was quoted as having said, The best executive is the one who has sense enough to pick good men to do what he wants done, and self-restraint enough to keep from meddling with them while they do it. We will write a custom essay on The Art Of Delegation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Delegation is a skill that incorporates analysis, planning, awareness and self-confidence. It requires a manager that is able to incorporate the four functions of management: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Planning involves formulating a systematic process for delegating tasks to other employees. Organizing involves arranging the resources your employees may need in order to accomplish the delegated task. Leading involves the guiding, leading, and overseeing of employees in order to achieve the task. Controlling involves verifying that the employees performance matches the action plan. Delegation involves passing responsibility for completion of work to other people. The ideal position to reach as a manager is one where your staff carries out all the routine activities of your organization. This leaves time for planning, thinking, and improving the efficiency of what you are doing as a manager. Ultimately, delegation involves getting the help you need, when you need it by the staff member most qualified to assist with the task at hand. In the Arkansas Governors office, where I currently work, delegation is a colossal part of each work day. The Governor cannot possibly address all the problems and issues relating to the state of Arkansas personally; therefore, he has a chief of staff who is responsible for the proper delegation of tasks to other staff members. The chief of staff is responsible for assigning the tasks to various members of the Governors management team, who in turn are responsible for delegating the task to policy advisors within our office that are assigned to handle specific state government related issues. Each policy advisor then has an administrative assistant to whom he or she can further delegate tasks if warranted. If not, the administrative assistant is responsible to assisting the policy advisor in completing the task in order to satisfy the needs of the constituent or Arkansas citizen. The process within our office illustrates how delegation is the downward transfer of formal authority from superior to subordinate. We all realize that delegating involves working with an employee to establish goals, granting them sufficient authority and responsibility to achieve the goals, often giving them substantial freedom in deciding how the goals will be achieved, remaining available as a resource to help them achieve the goals, assessing their performance (the quality of their effort and attainment of the goals), addressing performance issues and/or rewarding their performance. Delegation is primarily about entrusting your authority to others. This means that they can act and initiate independently; and that they assume responsibility with you for certain tasks. One of the main phobias about delegation is that by giving others authority, a manager loses control. Even when you delegate the work, you still maintain the accountability. Ultimately, the supervisor retains responsibility for the attainment of the goals, but chooses to achieve the goals by delegating to someone else. .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903 , .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903 .postImageUrl , .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903 , .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903:hover , .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903:visited , .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903:active { border:0!important; } .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903:active , .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903 .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u191b23c2f9d3baf648c54029f5fda903:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Republic of Panama EssayDeciding what to delegate is simply to list the things that you do which could be more effectively done by someone either more skilled in a particular area or less expensive. In our office, it is much more cost effective to delegate tasks to others, thus allowing the Governor time to focus on highly sensitive issues that require his immediate attention. How far management can delegate jobs will depend on the ability, experience and reliability of their staff. Good employees will be able to carry out large jobs with little to no intervention from management. When a job is delegated, management should explain how the task fits into the overall picture of what the company is trying to achieve. In the Governors office we stress to our staff that our goal is to serve the citizens of the state of Arkansas. Delegation is an important skill for helping to manage a heavy workload. We see that on a daily basis in the Governors office. If you do not delegate, you will quickly reach a stage where you stop progressing in your career because you cannot take on any more responsibility. If you reach that stage, you are no longer advancing in your career. The key is to delegate gradually. Each task delegated should have enough complexity to stretch that member of staff but only a little. When you delegate a job, it does not have to be done as well as you could do it (given time), but only as well as necessary: never judge the outcome by what you expect you would do (it is difficult to be objective about that), but rather by fitness for purpose. You want to delegate as much as possible to develop your staff to be as good as you are now. Tasks in which you have experience are the easiest for you to explain to others and so to train them to take over. You thus use your experience to ensure that the task is done well, rather than to actually perform the task yourself. In this way you gain time for your other duties and someone else becomes as good as your once were (increasing the strength of the group). By delegating, a manager exhibits trust in his or her employees by giving other peoples ideas a chance. A subordinates decision doesnt have to be exactly what yours might have been. So welcome and reward ingenuity.

Writing and Tim O Brien Essays

Writing and Tim O Brien Essays Writing and Tim O Brien Essay Writing and Tim O Brien Essay Essay Topic: The Things They Carried Annotated Bibliography Brosman Savage, Catharine. The Functions of War Literature. South Central Review. Vol. 9, No. 1, Historicizing Literary Contexts (Spring, 1992), pp. 85-98 This article talks about how this type of war literature is related to Tim OBriens story of The Things They Carried. It relates how soldiers use different kinds of items to make themselves fell secure in the time of war. It was very useful because it gives us another point of view in order to what pertains of what is really going on in a war and ow our soldiers react to it. It was useful to find other perspectives on how writing about war fiction can have different ways of being written. Chen, Tina. Unraveling the Deeper Meaning: Exile and the Embodied Poetics of Displacement in Tim OBriens The Things They Carried. Contemporary Literature, Vol. 39,No. 1 (Spring, 1998), pp. 77-98 This article explains how its trying to find the deeper meaning of the story The Things They Carried. It tries to reveal the authors point of view of how the ar has affected the soldier s and how they are trying to make themselves safe and how most their men are dying by enemy surprise attacks. This article tries to unravel the real meaning of why OBrien wrote about a war fiction and about soldiers having different things during the war so that they can feel safe and secure. Its trying to explain why OBrien writes in way that remarks people about war. Naparsteck, Martin. An Interview with Tim OBrien. Contemporary Literature, Vol 32, No. (Spring 1991), pp. 1-11 . This article is about an interview with Tim OBrien and talks about his literacy work and how his point of view of a war has change a few people minds on how a war can change a soldiers life. It talks about how his life work has become famous for his various writings, especially when it comes to fiction about war or action. Silbergleid, Robin. Making Things Present: Tim OBriens Autobiographical Metafiction. Contemporary Literature. Vol. 50, No. 1 Spring, 2009, pp. 129-155 This article talks about the way OBriens way of fiction has made readers mind, be part of the writing he has made. It tells us how OBrien is very interested in action fictions and it one of his various way of writing. I found it to be useful because it goes into detail of OBriens type of writing and it challenges readers mind to go into further detail of what is happening in the story. Writing and Tim O Brien By eJtrilla14

Interesting Geography Facts

Interesting Geography Facts Geographers search high and low for interesting facts about our world. They want to know why but also love to know what is the biggest/smallest, farthest/closest, and longest/shortest. Geographers also want to answer confusing questions, such as What time is it at the South Pole? Discover the world with some of these very fascinating facts. What Place on Earth Is Farthest From the Center of the Earth? Due to the bulge of earth at the Equator, the peak of Ecuadors Mount Chimborazo (20,700 feet or 6,310 meters) is the point farthest from the center of the Earth. Thus, the mountain claims the title of being the highest point on Earth (although Mt. Everest is still the highest point above sea level). Mt. Chimorazo is an extinct volcano and is about one degree south of the Equator. How Does the Boiling Temperature of Water Change With Altitude? While at sea level, the boiling point of water is 212Â ° Fahrenheit, it changes if you are higher than that. How much does it change? For every 500-foot increase in elevation, the boiling point drops one degree. Thus, at a city 5,000 feet above sea level, water boils at 202Â °F. Why Is Rhode Island Called an Island? The state commonly called Rhode Island actually has the official name of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Rhode Island is the island where the city of Newport sits today; however, the state also occupies mainland and three other major islands. Which Country Is Home to the Most Muslims? The worlds fourth most populous country has the largest population of Muslims. Approximately 87% of Indonesias population are Muslims; thus, with a population of 216 million, Indonesia is home to approximately 188 million Muslims. The religion of Islam spread to Indonesia during the Middle Ages. Which Countries Produce and Export the Most Rice? Rice is a food staple worldwide and China is the worlds leading rice producing country, producing just over one-third (33.9%) of the worlds rice supply. Thailand is the worlds leading rice exporter, however, and it is exporting 28.3% of the worlds rice export. India is the worlds second largest producer and exporter. What Are the Seven Hills of Rome? Rome was famously built upon seven hills. Rome was said to have been founded when Romulus and Remus, twin sons of Mars, ended up at the foot of the hill Palatine and founded the city. The other six hills are Capitoline (the seat of government), Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline, Caelian, and Aventine. What Is Africa's Largest Lake? Africas largest lake is Lake Victoria, located in eastern Africa at the border of Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania. Its the worlds second largest freshwater lake, following Lake Superior in North America. Lake Victoria was named by John Hanning Speke, a British explorer and the first European to see the lake (1858), in honor of Queen Victoria. Which Country Is Least Densely Populated? The country with the worlds lowest population density is Mongolia with a population density of approximately four people per square mile. Mongolias 2.5 million people occupy over 600,000 square miles of land. Mongolias overall density is limited as only a tiny proportion of the land can be used for agriculture, with the vast majority of the land only able to be used for nomadic herding. How Many Governments Exist in the United States? The 1997 Census of Government says it best... There were 87,504 governmental units in the United States as of June 1997. In addition to the Federal Government and the 50 state governments, there were 87,453 units of local government. Of these, 39,044 are general purpose local governments - 3,043 county governments and 36,001 subcounty general purpose governments, including 13,726 school distict governments and 34,683 special district governments. What's the Difference Between a Capital and a Capitol? The word capitol (with an o) is used to refer to the building where a legislature (such as the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives) meets; the word capital (with an a) refers to the city which serves as the seat of government. You can remember the difference by thinking of the o in the word capitol as a dome, like the dome of the U.S. Capitol in the capital Washington D.C. Where Is Hadrian's Wall? Hadrians Wall is located in northern Great Britain (the main island of the U.K.) and stretched for nearly 75 miles (120 km) from Solwat Firth in the west to the Tyne River near Newcastle in the east. The wall was built under the direction of the Roman Emperor Hadrian in the second century to keep the Caledonians of Scotland out of England. Portions of the wall are still in existence today. What Is the Deepest Lake in the United States? The deepest lake in the U.S. is Oregons Crater Lake. Crater Lake lies within the collapsed crater of an ancient volcano named Mount Mazama and is 1,932 feet deep (589 meters). The clear water of Crater Lake has no streams to feed it and no streams as outlets - it was filled and is supported by precipitation and snow melt. Located in southern Oregon, Crater Lake is the worlds seventh deepest lake and contains 4.6 trillion gallons of water. Why Was Pakistan a Divided Country Between East and West? In 1947, the British left South Asia and divided their territory into the independent countries of India and Pakistan. Muslim regions that were on the east and west sides of Hindu India became part of Pakistan. The two separate territories were part of one country but were known as East and West Pakistan and were separated by over 1,000 miles (1,609 km). After 24 years of turmoil, East Pakistan declared independence and became Bangladesh in 1971. What Time Is It at the North and South Pole? Since lines of longitude converge at the North and South Pole, it is almost impossible (and very impractical) to determine which time zone you are in based on the longitude. Therefore, researchers in the Arctic and Antarctic regions of the Earth usually use the time zone associated with their research stations. For example, since nearly all flights to Antarctica and the South Pole are from New Zealand, New Zealand time is the most commonly used time zone in Antarctica. What Is Europe and Russia's longest river? The longest river in Russia and Europe is the Volga River, which flows entirely within Russia for 2,290 miles (3,685 km). Its source is in the Valdai Hills, near the city of Rzhev, and flows to the Caspian Sea in the southern part of Russia. The Volga River is navigable for much of its length and, with the addition of dams, has become important for power and irrigation. Canals link it to the River Don as well as to the Baltic and White Seas. What Proportion of Humans Who Have Ever Lived Are Alive Today? At some point over the last few decades, someone started a notion to alarm people that population growth was out of control by stating that a majority of the humans who have ever lived were alive today. Well, thats a gross overestimate. Most studies place the total number of human beings to have ever lived at 60 billion to 120 billion. Since the world population right now is a mere 7 billion, the percent of humans who have ever lived and are alive today is anywhere from a mere 5 to 10 percent.

Movie Scene Analysis Assignment Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Scene Analysis Assignment - Movie Review Example Here too the director tries to be an unseen observer. The death of a Samurai and the raping of his wife is the core incident of the story. It was woodcutter in the forest who discovers the body of the killed samurai. A priest is also a witness. But during the trial four witnesses including the wood cutter and the priest give different verses of the incident. The film tells us that it is difficult or near impossible to reach the truth, merely through the versions of witnesses, for every one will have his or her perspectives of things and all human memory is clouded by one’s own judgment, perception and ego. A very interesting scene or sequence of the film is in the beginning where the woodcutter is walking through the forest with his axe slung on his shoulder. The scene is composed of very sensuous movement of the camera, and is of duration of two minutes. It has no dialogue. The scene is a part of a flash back; incidentally the whole film is a flash back. The scene is construc ted in 16 shots , of which the wood cutter appears in twelve .There are three prominent close ups--- A present time close up of the face of the wood cutter and past time close up of the hat of the lady raped , hanging on a bush. ... During the fifties this was considered to be a taboo in cinematography and the cameraman, Miyagava Kazuo defies this tradition and creates wonderful image on the screen. Camera looking direct to the sun may be common in films today. But during those days the belief had it that the sun rays entering direct into the lens would burn the film in the camera. But here the shot direct into the sun gives the viewer the mis-en-scene experience of the camera, or the viewer himself entering into the heart of the forest. He himself is entering the forest along with the camera. It leads the viewer into the light and shadow world of the forest where the human mind can lose its way. This shot and the whole scene was often cited as one of the most remarkable camera work in black and white cinematography. The movement of the object in front of the camera creates the mental mood of the scene. In this scene of the twelve shots in which the wood cutter appears, in shots 13 and 15 the wood cutter moves r ight to left of the camera, in shots 2, 4, 5 and 9 he moves left to right of the camera; in shots 3 and 16 he moves towards the camera and in shots 8 and 14 he moves away from the camera. The shot 11 is much more complicated as far the movement of the object with in the frame is concerned. Here the woodcutter moves left to right and then right to left .In shot 6 he moves first left to right and then towards the camera and finally away from the camera. Here Kurosawa creates a sort of a complex rhythmic montage, which concentrates on the contradiction of the movements with in the frame. This choreography of the movements of the character in front of the camera creates a feeling that he is walking wayward as if getting trapped some where. It symbolizes the fact that he is getting

Resources in Housing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Resources in Housing - Essay Example The role of savings in the acquisition of housing by low-income households has been recognized in a variety of studies. Macoloo (1994:290) reports that two-thirds of households in Kenya used savings to purchase construction materials, making this the most important source of finance during the initial stages of house-building. Yet, the significance of savings to the housing process is not without its problems. As other studies show, many households are able to become 'owners' early on, before they would be able to develop a savings profile. While it is increasingly accepted that low-income households are not too poor to save, in an environment of low and insecure incomes, and rising prices for building materials, land and services and rising taxes, it seems unlikely that households would amass sufficient savings on a consistent basis to acquire or build housing. This would seem to be supported by macro studies that show low propensities to save in the poorest countries and in the poorest households in all countries. Most low-income households lack safe and convenient methods to save and many institutions insist upon minimum balances or do not offer positive returns on savings. Indeed, in some circumstances low-income households are charged to deposit savings, either directly or through negative interest rates. In order to save in the formal system, therefore, low-income households have to possess a minimum level of funds and an income sufficient to pay charges: in the short term saving may be a net drain on household resources. The lack of institutional capacity is not the only reason for the low rate of saving. Countries such as Chile, Singapore and Malaysia have implemented sophisticated financial products to increase the ratio of money to GDP and raise the rate of saving. Such reforms, however, have not improved conditions for those on the lowest incomes as measures have not been taken to improve the unequal distribution of income: with no surplus income, savings will be inelastic in relation to interest rate changes. Furthermore, anecdotal evidence suggests that, in some countries, many low-income households are heavily in debt, and are therefore unable to be net savers, and have learned through experience to be highly distrustful of financial institutions. The difficulty experienced by households trying to save in the context of limited institutional capacity suggests that many must be holding savings outside of the formal financial system. There is very little research, however, on the form in which these savings are held although consumer items and jewellery as well as cash are mentioned frequently. One further possibility is that households invest in housing as a surrogate form of saving believing this to be a reliable store of value. As consolidation takes place the belief is that most properties will appreciate in value over time, although the small size of the second-hand property market makes reliable assessments of value difficult and some suspect that the real trend may be quite flat over the short term. Thus, while there is evidence for a link between financial depth and housing investment, at the micro level, it is the lack of financial capacity that may

Portuguese Essay :: Papers

A nossa associaà §Ãƒ £o, ou seja, a Associaà §Ãƒ £o de Professores para a Educaà §Ãƒ £o Intercultural fez agora, em Setembro de 2003, dez anos. Surgiu ligada a um projecto que existiu no tempo em que o Engenheiro Roberto Carneiro era Ministro da Educaà §Ãƒ £o, que foi sem dà ºvida, para mim, mas tambà ©m sou duvidosa ao afirmar isto porque ele foi meu professor e eu gosto imenso dele e surgiu praticamente porque ele comeà §ou a preocupar-se com estas situaà §Ãƒ µes dos filhos dos imigrantes que vinham das ex-colà ³nias e, entà £o, criou uma Instituià §Ãƒ £o que se chamava Secretariado Coordenador de Programas para a Educaà §Ãƒ £o Intercultural, chamado o Entreculturas. O Entreculturas, depois de um diagnà ³stico feito por alguns elementos no terreno, verificou-se que era necessà ¡rio dar formaà §Ãƒ £o nesta à ¡rea da multiculturalidade e fundou-se, nessa altura a Associaà §Ãƒ £o que tinha sede numa salinha do Secretariado de Entreculturas. Porquà ª a Associaà §Ãƒ £o? Porque era necessà ¡rio para este tipo de actividades, era necessà ¡rio para dar formaà §Ãƒ £o e para que as pessoas tenham crà ©dito, à © necessà ¡rio, realmente, que a Instituià §Ãƒ £o esteja acreditada por um centro de conselho cientifico-pedagà ³gico da formaà §Ãƒ £o contà ­nua e a Associaà §Ãƒ £o nos seus estatutos que, para alà ©m do seu estatuto normal que ela tem, a Associaà §Ãƒ £o tinha, tambà ©m, dentro do estatuto, um centro de formaà §Ãƒ £o. A sala onde vocà ªs està £o à © a sala do centro de formaà §Ãƒ £o, a sala dali à ©, digamos, aquela que lida melhor à   da direcà §Ãƒ £o, a da presidente e aqui à ©, sem dà ºvida, o sà ­tio onde nà ³s fazemos a formaà §Ãƒ £o acreditada e outro tipo de formaà §Ãƒ £o, onde organizamos dossiers, prodeps. 2. Quais as vertentes em que a formaà §Ãƒ £o se baseia? Em và ¡rias vertentes, desde que tenha haver com a multiculturalidade. Portanto, as acà §Ãƒ µes està £o todas elas viradas para a multiculturalidade e somos, sem dà ºvida, o à ºnico centro de formaà §Ãƒ £o que tem esta especificidade, neste momento. 3. Qual à © o pà ºblico-alvo destas formaà §Ãƒ µes? As formaà §Ãƒ µes sà £o para professores, comeà §aram por ser, segundo a legislaà §Ãƒ £o, e para formaà §Ãƒ £o contà ­nua de professores. A legislaà §Ãƒ £o foi alterada ultimamente que tambà ©m dà ¡ para membros, e jà ¡ temos tido, de

How Economic Growth Shaped Dubai as a City

HOW ECONOMIC GROWTH SHAPED DUBAI AS A CITY As powerful and influential as they are, history has shown us metropoliss are vulnerable to extremist alterations, albeit if they are good or bad, forced or uncoerced, they bear the capablenesss to transform the city. jpg" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1499275.002.png">This essay aims to research how a metropolis can be transformed by a force, and as a premier illustration the designated metropolis chosen is Dubai. As one of the biggest and fastest turning metropoliss, the metropolis is an ideal illustration as Dubai has risen quickly to make a repute for itself. It is merely within the last 30 old ages, that the metropolis has witness rapid growing, chiefly due to income generated from oil gross but besides from economic sciences and industrial developments. Context – Dubai pre oil Located on the Arabian Gulf, Dubai began as a hamlets for travelers and bargainers, before it was subsequently established as a fish small town in 1830. The majority of income in the country came from fishing and pearling, while the initial primary motivation for control in the country was chiefly commercial. This was due to the purpose to order the spice trade ; a critical trade good during the clip due to its usage in the saving of nutrient. The Portuguese were the first to colonize the gulf, with the British subsequently emerging as a strong influence within the Gulf part for strategic grounds. The first stage of Dubai’s urban development occurred from 1900 to 1955 ; nevertheless the overall growing was slow and limited due to economic restraints and fringy growing in population. British influence remained strong during this period, highlighted through the country’s aid with a series of development undertakings. At the clip many of these undertakings were arranged in expectancy of fiscal addition from oil gross. However British hegemony finally weakened following WW2, taking to a planetary rise in anti-colonial motions, with the united provinces emerging as a replacing. Dubai as a part was divided into countries located at the oral cavity of the brook, by which the full population was confined to three little enclaves. This country was of great importance at the clip, as the chief gross of income came from fishing and pearl diving. Until 1955, the urban country did non transcend 320 hectare, with the big bulk of the land used for residential intents, while countries for commercial infinite were limited. Prior to the first building of a concrete edifice in 1956, the huge bulk of local dwellers lived in traditional ‘Barasti’ places, built from thenar fronds. The places were built in bunchs to supply the occupants with privateness, but besides tribal security as a group. Discovery of oil The find of oil in commercial measures in 1966, acted as the accelerator for rapid growing and substructure development within Dubai. Aware that the finite resource will finally go scarce, the pick was made to diversify the country’s economic foundations, with touristry the desired sector. The gross generated as a consequence, was invested into substructure developments such as schools, infirmaries, roads and besides a modern telecommunications web. This urban growing was allowed due to 3 chief factors ; economic richness, technological progresss in transit and besides political alterations over land usage. While the touristry sector generates the bulk of the city’s surplus, the province besides additions value through a series of free-trade zones and high tech bunchs. This attracts companies to put and re-located to Dubai, due to freedom and openness of Dubai’s trading Torahs, with the correlativity of greatest growing in mega enclaves or specialized bunchs. The first stage of Dubai’s urban growing was characterised as spacial enlargement established through size, visual aspect, and the city’s urban morphology, while the 2nd stage was focused on the thought of compact growing. This period extended from 1955 to 1970, during which British influence still remained strong, reflected through the states influence on assorted undertakings, such as that of British designer Jon Harris. In 1960 Harris manifested the thought of giving Dubai a more functional and modern layout, through the proviso of a route system, and specific countries for ; industry, commercial, public and residential countries, and besides the creative activity of a new town Centre. Dubai after oil The find of oil in commercial measures drove Dubai’s economic addition, leting the metropolis to spread out at a more rapid rate. In 1971, Harris’ new maestro program was introduced to better the city’s substructure, while his vision to spatially organize the metropolis into countries of different usage was besides manifested. Numerous developments besides occurred on the corridor along Skeikh Zayed Road, Nicknamed ‘new Dubai’ , the country emerged as the new commercial and fiscal Centre of the metropolis. There is an compulsion for everything to be monumental and record breakage, highlighted through the heroic proportions of Dubai’s undertakings ; the tallest edifice, the biggest unreal island, the largest subject park, biggest promenade and the largest international airdrome, are a few to the list. Dubai’s urban individuality is of all time altering, with the strive to make extraordinary architecture shown through the latest proposal of a 1:1 graduated table of the world’s best of, dwelling of landmarks such as the Eiffel tower and pyramids of Giza. Spatially, Dubai is divided into ‘city’s’ which cater for different industries, while many of the Dubai’s skyscrapers are located along Sheikh Zayed Road, a stretch of main road associating Dubai to Abu Dhabi. Of the assorted ‘city’s’ , the chief consist of an ‘internet’ metropolis, an substructure environment which caters for the city’s’ ICT on a local and planetary scope. Situated nearby is Media metropolis, which is arranged in a similar manner to internet metropolis, with the primary industry directed at media, while ‘studio city’ is a developed country which caters for production demands. Amidst the rapid enlargement of industrial metropoliss, and sky scrapers, there is an interesting deficiency of cultural undertakings such as museums and Centres, once more perchance raising the point of a soulless metropolis. The population of Dubai in 1995 counted at about 700,000, while the figure now stands at over 2 million, a drastic addition in a short period of clip. This figure is multi-cultural, with the locals organizing minority, and amidst this population combination, society is really unfastened minded. This free and unfastened political orientation has helped Dubai’s growing as it encourages investing and touristry. There are downsides, with the diverse population mix, and location of the metropolis at the tip of the Arabian Peninsula, intending the part can be vulnerable to a figure of struggles. However these struggles have been resolved spatially, achieved through a policy which promotes co-existence, but can besides be defined as controlled segregation through defined lodgers such as enclaves and zones. While the rapid growing is monumental and without uncertainty impressive, there are critics to the Dubai’s growing. The mega undertakings are perceived as economic and corporately driven, with the metropolis missing distinguishable history and ‘soul’ . Even so that the Burj lead designer Tom Wright admitted he did non cognize where Dubai was located prior to the undertaking. The Sail and thenars are easy recognizable symbols, and have been used smartly as a selling gambit. Claimed as symbols of Dubai, they are act more as cosmopolitan characters and are non needfully entirely linked to Dubai or the UAE. Decision: It is without uncertainty that the find of oil on a commercial graduated table has been the chief drive force behind Dubai’s drastic alteration from a fishing small town, to planetary mega metropolis. The gross generated has acted as the springboard for investings, and development on big graduated tables ; nevertheless other complecting factors have to be considered for the city’s transmutation. The province control free market capitalist economy helps supply Dubai with an unfastened market to turn, really much like how China has, while in comparing to metropoliss such as London, which is restricted by its history. The strategic move to diversify and turn Dubai into a expansive tourer finish, was the concluding portion of mystifier as to talk, with the addition in monumental undertakings such as ‘The universe islands’ , ‘The Palm’ and Burj Khalifa, merely a few to call, which cater for tourers, and besides specify Dubai as a metropolis. Amidst the flashiness and glamor, the metropolis is non a functional as it appears to be, with many to the freshly formed edifices, aimed towards bring forthing gross, opposed to spacial jobs. There is an sole nature to Dubai’s mega undertakings, with many located offshore, and controlled entree thorough a assortment of agencies: security guards, entryway fees.While societal divisions have been created within the population due to the rapid growing, frequently between the privileged, and workers. As a whole metropolis lacks historical context and individuality prior to the economic roar, whether if that is a negative or non remains to be seen, with the metropolis turning at an dismaying yet impressive rate, the sky and sea is the bound †¦ Bibliography Text: Davis, M. , 2008.Evil Edens: Never-never lands of Neoliberalism.s.l. : The New Press. Elsheshtawy, Y. , 2004.Planing Middle Eastern Cities: An Urban Kaleidoscope in a globalizing universe.s.l. : Routledge. Mangan, J. , 2008.Global Logistics and Supply Chain Management.s.l. : John Wiley & A ; Sons. Wright, H. , 2008.Instantaneous Cities.First edition erectile dysfunction. s.l. : Black Dog Publishing ; First edition. Brook, D. , 2013.nextcity.[ Online ] Available at:nextcity.org/daily/entry/how-dubai-became-dubai( Accessed 30 December 2014 ) . Images: Weburbanist. ( N.D )City image[ Online Image ] hypertext transfer protocol: //weburbanist.com/2011/02/21/then-now-the-stunning-speed-of-urban-development/ ( Acessed: 12 January 2015 ) David Teather. ( 2009 ) Palm Islands resort [ Online Image ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.theguardian.com/business/2009/dec/21/dubai-world-dubai ( Acessed: 12 January 2015 ) Dubaiforvisitors. ( N.D ) Dubai Map [ Online Image ] hypertext transfer protocol: //dubaiforvisitors.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/dubai-map.jpg ( Acessed: 12 January 2015 ) 1

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